This study examines the theory, practice, and legislation governing eco-compensation in selected ecological areas to map out the scope and content of a national eco-compensation regulation in the People's Republic of China (PRC). Pursuit of its higher agenda of ecological civilization and development of its national eco-compensation regulation requires the PRC to capture the diversity of its subnational projects, and integrate its experience with eco-compensation at all levels of government into a coherent national regulatory framework that can be harmonized with existing laws and other legal instruments.